For deep drawing of sheet metals and converting them to irregular shaped prismatic shells which have been designed before, the initial blanks should be correctly designed. Otherwise, final products will not be sound. The design of the initial optimum blank is, therefore, very important. The initial blank could be designed experimentally or numerically. Numerical methods have very advantages. In this paper by using SLIP LINE FIELD theory and geometrical characteristics of die, just like angles and radii of corners, sides' length and height of draw, a new method for initial blank's design will be presented. Then by using a new applied method, an equarial orthogonal net will be constructed around the die. Using constructed net, metal flow paths and blank's movement contours will be obtained. The punch stroke will then be calculated, using material properties and equarial orthogonal net, during the different stages of drawing. According to the mentioned methods, a package has been written that in a very short time, can predict optimum blank shape, metal flow paths, blank's movement pathes and punch load, with appropriate percision.

Many metal forming problems have been solved using the SLIP LINE FIELD method but all of them have either been two-dimensional (plane strain or plain stress) or axisymmetric problems. In this paper a procedure has been proposed by which the SLIP LINE FIELD solution to three dimensional problems of metal forming becomes possible. For this purpose the extrusion of shaped sections has been taken as a case study. For this problem the geometry of the deforming zone has been defined by streamLINEs and stream surfaces. Clearly for the three dimensional extrusion of shaped sections the stream surfaces are not plane surfaces, and on the other hand the SLIP LINE FIELD formulation could only be applied to plane surfaces, therefore an approximation has been made to accommodate this difficulty. In fact the three dimensional surface has been approximated to a plane surface so that for each three dimensional stream surface there exists an approximate plane surface. Unlike the case for the axisymmetric problem where there was only one plane surface on which the formulation was defined and the revolved 360 degrees to complete the deforming zone here there are many plane stream surfaces that by summing them up together the deforming zone is defined. The SLIP LINE FIELD formulation was then applied to each and every one of these surfaces and the extrusion pressure on each surface was calculated separately and by adding up all the components of the pressure on each surface the total extrusion pressure was obtained. To account for the error evolved from the approximations made in the formulations, error functions were developed which showed how much error was developed due to the approximations. To verify the results comparison were made to the results obtained by upper bound and experimental methods. These comparisons showed very good agreements.

In this study, alumina-iron composites have been prepared by SLIP casting in order to provide gradient iron in alumina.5 wt.% of iron was used under the magnetic FIELDs by the magnitude of 0.8 and 0.08T. Two dispersants were examined as the dispersing agent using 70, 75 and 80 wt.% of solid loading in SLIPs. Samples were sintered in a microwave oven at the temperature of 1350˚C and 1450˚C for 30 minutes, at 1500oC for 1 minute, and in a conventional tube oven at the temperature of 1485˚C for 2 hours using argon gas. The apparent and optical microscope pictures of green and sintered samples revealed that using PCN and 70 wt.% of solid loading under the mild magnetic FIELD results in the best sample regard as density (3.7 g/cm3), strength (82.7 MPa) and iron gradient.

Although strong ground motion networks are expanding, near-source strong motion recordings are still sparse .In this article it is planned to characterize the level and variability of strong ground motion in near FIELD of large earthquakes due to source effects. We have developed a stochastic rupture model that characterizes the variability and spatial complexity of SLIP as observed in past earthquakes. We model SLIP heterogeneity on the fault plane as a spatial random FIELD for 21 near source earthquakes. The data follows a von Karman autocorrelation function (ACF), for which the correlation lengths (a) increase with the source dimensions .These stochastic SLIP distributions are used to develop the temporal behavior of SLIP using physically consistent with stochastic-dynamic earthquake source models .It means that we can use this model to simulate realistic strong ground motion in order to characterize the variability of source effects in the near-FIELD of large earthquakes. For earthquakes with large fault aspect ratios, we observe substantial differences of the correlation length in the along-strike (ax) and downdip (az) directions. Increasing correlation length with increasing magnitude can be understood using concepts of dynamic rupture propagation. The power spectrum of the SLIP distribution can also be well described with a  fractal distribution in which the fractal dimension D remains scale invariant, accounting for larger ‘‘asperities ’’ for large-magnitude events.Our stochastic SLIP model can be used to generate scenario earthquakes for near-source ground motion simulations.

In this paper, a theoretical approach is proposed, in which spatial distribution of the strength of interplate coupling between two faces of strike-SLIP faults is investigated in detail through the inverse analysis of synthesized geodetic data. Synthesized (or available) geodetic data representing free surface movements is implemented to determine the solution of undertaken inverse problem that computes SLIPpage vectors’ rates. Analytical approaches for treatment of faults in crustal deformation analysis involve some limitations. One important limitation of these methods is idealization of uniform dislocation on a rectangular fault plane in a uniform medium or half space. In fact, the real source is more complex than that supposed in these models and thus only the first-order aspects of the source characteristics can be evaluated from a uniform dislocation model. Isotropic and homogeneous material properties are the main assumptions of these methods. The Finite Element Method (FEM) on the other hand, allows easy treatment of complex boundary shape (interface zone) and internal variations of material properties. The FEM can simulate source geometry flexibly, and is also able to regard geological regimes and various layered structures. The standard equations of inverse problems offer a straightforward way for finding SLIPpage vectors at two faces of the considered fault. One of the new aspects of the current study is evaluation of Green’s Operator Matrix (GOM) by means of FEM. This concept enables us to overcome all limitations of traditional inverse methods. In other words, the Green’s functions are not only functions of interface’s geometry, but are also functions of some other parameters like far-FIELD boundary conditions, and geological structures (various material properties) which are not regarded in the traditional analytical inversion analysis. To implement fault sliding in a continuum-based FEM program, Split Node Technique (SNT) as a simple and efficient method is applied. This method does not increase the number of Degree Of Freedom (DOF) and the global stiffness matrix of system remains unchanged, which is the major advantage of this method. Furthermore, no net forces or moments are induced on the finite element mesh. This method is a direct approach and does not need any iteration, which is a common feature of other methods (e.g., contact problem techniques, or interface/joint elements). The initial idea of SNT for simple one-dimensional element is developed to 2D and 3D domains in the present research. How to find the Green’s functions by the FEM? By applying unit SLIPpage vectors in each DOF of the interface nodes, we can determine corresponding component of the GOM. As other common inversion problems, singularity of coefficient matrix is the main problem. This problem particularly emerges if the number of DOFs is too large. The numerical procedure does not fail algorithmically, however it returns a set of SLIPpage vectors that are wrong, even though direct substitution back into the original equations results in acceptable free-surface deformations. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) diagnoses precisely what the problem is. In some cases, SVD will not only diagnose the problem, it will also solve it. The approach in current research is based on kinematic modeling of seismological problem. In other words, we only investigate fault movement, not causes of the occurred movement. In this research, both forward and inverse steps are considered to completely solve the problem. The forward step is performed by applying the SLIP along the fault’s faces and determining the displacement at the ground surface. This step is done using the FEM, whose results are compared with the analytical ones to verify the forward step. In the inverse solution on the other hand, our goal is to reach fault SLIP FIELD using of surface displacement obtained from the first step as input data. Here, using this technique, 2D and 3D models of different types of strike-SLIP faults are presented in elastic mode for splitting purposes. The final step is to verify the inverse solution obtained for all models, from which the coupled zones of the considered faults are determined with acceptable accuracies.

The present paper deals with the effects of Ohmic dissipative Casson fluid flow over a stretching sheet in the presence of aligned magnetic FIELD. The present phenomenon also includes the interaction of thermal radiation and velocity SLIP. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformations. The dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles are solved analytically using hypergeometric function and numerically by using fourth order Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique. It is noted that the increasing values of Eckert number increases the temperature profile and decreases the local Nusselt number.

The knowledge related to the methodology of the FIELD trial study as a type of intervention studies, yet for many of our researchers is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was a better understanding of conducting this type of research. FIELD trial studies are done on healthy individuals and aim to prevent. These types of studies such as clinical trials are performed on both individual and collective levels. One type of these studies is Community Intervention Trial which is usually done on a large scale population. FIELD trial study should be carried out in stages, such as the formulation of hypotheses, selection of the population (reference population, study population, and sampling), measuring the baseLINE variables (before conducting preventive intervention), random allocation of subjects to intervention and control groups, doing interventions and measuring outcome. The methodology of FIELD trial studies is very similar to clinical trials. The difference is that FIELD trials are conducted on healthy individuals and aim to prevent and also the sample size required to this type of study is relatively more, and these studies are usually time consuming and costly.